What occurs directly and does not involve another individual in the reinforcement process?

The process described in the question refers to automatic reinforcement. This type of reinforcement occurs when a behavior produces a reinforcing consequence that is intrinsically reinforcing to the individual, meaning it satisfies a personal need or desire without the involvement of any other person.

For example, a child may engage in certain behaviors that lead to sensory stimulation, such as flapping hands, which they find enjoyable and self-reinforcing. Since there's no need for external social input to produce the reinforcement, this represents a direct form of reinforcement that is based solely on the individual’s own actions and experiences.

This contrasts with social reinforcement or punishment, which inherently rely on another individual to provide the consequence, either through approval, disapproval, or other forms of interaction.